The fungus that produces oyster mushrooms preys on tiny animals by releasing a paralysing nerve gasoline referred to as 3-octanone earlier than rising into their our bodies
Life
18 January 2023
Oyster mushrooms principally develop on rotting wooden WILDLIFE GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo
Oyster mushrooms are scrumptious, however they’ve a little-known darkish facet: the fungus that produces them paralyses and kills nematode worms utilizing a nerve gasoline, earlier than sucking out their insides.
Oyster mushrooms are the reproductive buildings – or fruiting our bodies – of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. We have identified because the Eighties that this fungus preys on nematodes, that are microscopic roundworms, however the way it does this has been a thriller.
Yen-Ping Hsueh at Academia Sinica, a analysis institute in Taiwan, and her colleagues beforehand found that P. ostreatus incorporates tiny, lollipop-shaped buildings that break open when nematodes press their heads towards them. They have now discovered that, as soon as ruptured, these buildings launch a gasoline that’s extremely poisonous to nematodes’ nervous methods.
The researchers decided this by first inducing hundreds of random genetic mutations within the fungus, after which they observed that mutants missing these lollipop buildings had been not poisonous to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Next, the researchers analysed the contents of the lollipop buildings in non-mutant fungi and located that they had been filled with a risky chemical referred to as 3-octanone. When they uncovered 4 completely different nematode species to this chemical, it triggered an enormous inflow of calcium ions into nerve and muscle cells all through their our bodies, resulting in speedy paralysis and loss of life.
Hsueh calls this a “nerve gas in a lollipop” killing technique.
“Lollipop” buildings on the hyphae of oyster mushrooms, considered with an electron microscope Yi-Yun Lee, Academia Sinica
The poisonous lollipop buildings are current on hyphae, the lengthy, branching buildings that develop inside rotting wooden and make up a lot of the fungus. The oyster mushrooms themselves are non-toxic, says Hsueh.
After the fungus kills its prey, its hyphae develop into the nematodes’ our bodies to suck out their contents. It might do that to soak up nitrogen, since this nutrient is poor within the rotting wooden on which the fungus principally grows, says Hsueh.
Nematodes are probably the most plentiful animals in soil, which makes them a pure meals alternative for fungi, she says. Other fungi use completely different ways to catch nematode prey, together with sticky traps and nooses that tighten round their necks.
The discovering that P. ostreatus feeds on nematodes has led to some dialogue within the vegan group about whether or not oyster mushrooms are a very vegan meals.
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